Soliven/Beltran V Makasiar - Free Essay Example

G. R. No. 82585 November 14, 1988 MAXIMO V. SOLIVEN, ANTONIO V. ROCES, FREDERICK K. AGCAOLI, and GODOFREDO L. MANZANAS, petitioners, vs. THE HON. RAMON P. MAKASIAR, Presiding Judge of the Regional Trial Court of Manila, Branch 35, UNDERSECRETARY SILVESTRE BELLO III, of the Department of Justice, LUIS C. VICTOR, THE CITY FISCAL OF MANILA and PRESIDENT CORAZON C. AQUINO, respondents. G. R. No. 82827 November 14, 1988 LUIS D. BELTRAN, petitioner, vs. THE HON. RAMON P. MAKASIAR, Presiding Judge of Branch 35 of the Regional Trial Court, at Manila, THE HON. LUIS VICTOR, CITY FISCAL OF MANILA, PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, SUPERINTENDENT OF THE WESTERN POLICE DISTRICT, and THE MEMBERS OF THE PROCESS SERVING UNIT AT THE REGIONAL TRIAL COURT OF MANILA, respondents. G. R. No. 83979 November 14, 1988. LUIS D. BELTRAN, petitioner, vs. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY CATALINO MACARAIG, SECRETARY OF JUSTICE SEDFREY ORDONEZ, UNDERSECRETARY OF JUSTICE SILVESTRE BELLO III, THE CITY FISCAL OF MANILA JESUS F. GUERRERO, and JUDGE RAMON P. MAKASIAR, Presiding Judge of Branch 35 of the Regional Trial Court, at Manila, respondents. Angara, Abello, Concepcion, Regala and Cruz for petitioners in G. R. No. 82585. Perfecto V. Fernandez, Jose P. Fernandez and Cristobal P. Fernandez for petitioner in G. R. Nos. 82827 and 83979. R E S O L U T I O N PER CURIAM: In these consolidated cases, three principal issues were raised: (1) whether or not petitioners were denied due process when informations for libel were filed against them although the finding of the existence of a prima facie case was still under review by the Secretary of Justice and, subsequently, by the President; (2) whether or not the constitutional rights of Beltran were violated when respondent RTC judge issued a warrant for his arrest without personally examining the complainant and the witnesses, if any, to determine probable cause; and (3) whether or not the President of the Philippines, under the Constitution, may initiate criminal proceedings against the petitioners through the filing of a complaint-affidavit. Subsequent events have rendered the first issue moot and academic. On March 30, 1988, the Secretary of Justice denied petitioners motion for reconsideration and upheld the resolution of the Undersecretary of Justice sustaining the City Fiscals finding of a prima fa cie case against petitioners. A second motion for reconsideration filed by petitioner Beltran was denied by the Secretary of Justice on April 7, 1988. On appeal, the President, through the Executive Secretary, affirmed the resolution of the Secretary of Justice on May 2, 1988. The motion for reconsideration was denied by the Executive Secretary on May 16, 1988. With these developments, petitioners contention that they have been denied the administrative remedies available under the law has lost factual support. It may also be added that with respect to petitioner Beltran, the allegation of denial of due process of law in the preliminary investigation is negated by the fact that instead of submitting his counter- affidavits, he filed a Motion to Declare Proceedings Closed, in effect waiving his right to refute the complaint by filing counter-affidavits. Due process of law does not require that the respondent in a criminal case actually file his counter-affidavits before the preliminary investigation is deemed completed. All that is required is that the respondent be given the opportunity to submit counter-affidavits if he is so minded. The second issue, raised by petitioner Beltran, calls for an interpretation of the constitutional provision on the issuance of warrants of arrest. The pertinent provision reads: Art. III, Sec. 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination nder oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. The addition of the word personally after the word determined and the deletion of the grant of authority by the 1973 Constitution to issue warrants to other responsible officers as may be authorized by law, has apparently convinced petitioner Beltran that the Constitution now requires the judge to personally examine the complainant and his witnesses in his determination of probable cause for the issuance of warrants of arrest. This is not an accurate interpretation. What the Constitution underscores is the exclusive and personal responsibility of the issuing judge to satisfy himself of the existence of probable cause. In satisfying himself of the existence of probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of arrest, the judge is not required to personally examine the complainant and his witnesses. Following established doctrine and procedure, he shall: (1) personally evaluate the report and the supporting documents submitted by the fiscal regarding the existence of probable cause and, on the basis thereof, issue a warrant of arrest; or (2) if on the basis thereof he finds no probable cause, he may disregard the fiscals report and require the submission of supporting affidavits of witnesses to aid him in arriving at a conclusion as to the existence of probable cause. Sound policy dictates this procedure, otherwise judges would be unduly laden with the preliminary examination and investigation of criminal complaints instead of concentrating on hearing and deciding cases filed before their courts. On June 30, 1987, the Supreme Court unanimously adopted Circular No. 12, setting down guidelines for the issuance of warrants of arrest. The procedure therein provided is reiterated and clarified in this resolution. It has not been shown that respondent judge has deviated from the presc ribed procedure. Thus, with regard to the issuance of the warrants of arrest, a finding of grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction cannot be sustained. Anent the third issue, petitioner Beltran argues that the reasons which necessitate presidential immunity from suit impose a correlative disability to file suit. He contends that if criminal proceedings ensue by virtue of the Presidents filing of her complaint-affidavit, she may subsequently have to be a witness for the prosecution, bringing her under the trial courts jurisdiction. This, continues Beltran, would in an indirect way defeat her privilege of immunity from suit, as by testifying on the witness stand, she would be exposing herself to possible contempt of court or perjury. The rationale for the grant to the President of the privilege of immunity from suit is to assure the exercise of Presidential duties and functions free from any hindrance or distraction, considering that being the Chief Executive of the Government is a job that, aside from requiring all of the office holders time, also demands undivided attention. But this privilege of immunity from suit, pertains to the President by virtue of the office and may be invoked only by the holder of the office; not by any other person in the Presidents behalf. Thus, an accused in a criminal case in which the President is complainant cannot raise the presidential privilege as a defense to prevent the case from proceeding against such accused. Moreover, there is nothing in our laws that would prevent the President from waiving the privilege. Thus, if so minded the President may shed the protection afforded by the privilege and submit to the courts jurisdiction. The choice of whether to exercise the privilege or to waive it is solely the Presidents prerogative. It is a decision that cannot be assumed and imposed by any other person. As regards the contention of petitioner Beltran that he could not be held liable for libel because of the privileged character or the publication, the Court reiterates that it is not a trier of facts and that such a defense is best left to the trial court to appreciate after receiving the evidence of the parties. As to petitioner Beltrans claim that to allow the libel case to proceed would produce a chilling effect on press freedom, the Court finds no basis at this stage to rule on the point. The petitions fail to establish that public respondents, through their separate acts, gravely abused their discretion as to amount to lack of jurisdiction. Hence, the writs of certiorari and prohibition prayed for cannot issue. WHEREFORE, finding no grave abuse of discretion amounting to excess or lack of jurisdiction on the part of the public respondents, the Court Resolved to DISMISS the petitions in G. R. Nos. 82585, 82827 and 83979. The Order to maintain the status quo contained in the Resolution of the Court en banc dated April 7, 1988 and reiterated in the Resolution dated April 26, 1988 is LIFTED.

Informing People About Reading Disability - 993 Words

Informing People about Reading Disability Curtiss, S. L., et al. Bringing Instructional Strategies Home: Reaching Families Online . Teaching Exceptional Children January/February 2016: 160-167. Curtiss et al. (2016) express how the collaboration of teachers and parents is difficult because of the overlap between parent and teacher work schedules. The authors detail how instructors can provide online learning support for parents who support child with limited expressive communication. They highlight the factors that necessitate such programs, and discuss how they can be evaluated. There is a need for a program development framework so that parents understand how to use instructional strategies. Some Internet-Based Parent- Implemented Communication Strategies include iPiCS; Meyer, and Meadan (159). The article is relevant as it details elements of a successive online communication strategy such as adhering to the principles of adult learning and building rapport with parents through constant communication, friendliness and mutual respect. The article speaks about major disabilities such as autism. The article is objective in that it offers sound practices based on acceptable learning and relationship standards. The article will be used in the study in informing about learning disabilities. It is insightful about how parents can be more involved in the learning process of their disabled children. I will use it to emphasize the involvement of parents in helping childrenShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Awareness?700 Words   |  3 Pagesilliterate nor any other forms of mental dysfunctional diseases. Possibly they were just speaking the wrong language and their pronunciation was incorrect, not mine. Not to mention, the constant calls to the doctor from my mother and visits informing them about me digging in my ears as a toddler. Along with my kindergarten teacher, Mrs. Parker recognized my focus on the movements of her mouth, rather than making eye contact when talking. She pursued her realization by bringing it to my mother’s attentionRead MoreThe Effects Of Dyslexia On Children With Dyslexia Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pages Many learning disabilities world-wide are over-looked if a child doesn’t learn at the rate of the other children, but a teacher might assume that the student is mentally challenged. That might not be the case. Students world-wide struggle with the learning disability known as dyslexia. Dyslexia is known for the way it twists words and numbers in ones’ head. It’s almost as if the persons’ mind is playing a trick on itself. The person might read the text backward or even say his or her thoughts backwardsRead MoreEducating Children With A Disability1234 Words   |  5 Pagesour children. â€Å"Special disability â€Å"shouldn’t be a category to children who were born with a disability they were born into this world they are no different from you and I. Some parents believe that when their children graduate high school life is over for their amazing children .These parents are blocking or either ignorant to look for opportunities the world gives to children with a disability. In my paper it will be informing how schools act upon children with a disability and after opportunitiesRead MoreTeacher Beliefs Survey1713 Words   |  7 Pagesand textbook reading, I feel confident with my understanding of the Teacher Beliefs and Attitudes (TB AT) unit. Enough so to interrupt the results from the survey adequately and draw conclusions. Here is what I found. Firstly, I rated low on the scale of low teacher efficacy. This outcome is quite surprising, since I consider myself an absolute Interventionist. I feel strongly about the idea that disabilities are, in part, created by the perception that society projects onto people (TBAD screenRead MoreDr. Marcus Engel s I m Here : Compassionate Communication1126 Words   |  5 Pagescommunication and empathy when dealing with patients in his book, I’m Here: Compassionate Communication in Patient Care. As he struggled to cope with his hospital stay, certain health care providers helped him improve his mental and physical health. He wrote about the doctors, nurses, and other health care providers he met. In his book he mentioned how the behavior and tone of health care providers impacted him. He touched on various topics such as patient privacy, care, and interaction. As a person who hadRead MoreHearing Impairments And Hearing Impairment Essay1256 Words   |  6 PagesA hearing impairment is a disability that afflicts a surplus of people around the world. According to the â€Å"National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities†, â€Å"The U.S. Department of Education (2002) reports that, during the 2000-2001 school year, 70,767 students aged 6 to 21 (or 1.3% of all students with disabilities) received special education services under the category of hearing impairment†. A hearing impairment is a disability where as an individual undergoes deterioration or lossRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder Research Paper1651 Words   |  7 Pagescommunicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts. Autism does not only play a role at home, but it is also important at school. Teachers have to know how to deal with students with autism, and know how to teach them. Research shows us that in order for a teacher to teach a student to with autism they have to be informed. With that being said teachers, parents, and others working with children should know about Autism Spectrum Dis order. There are many differentRead MoreReflective Essay On Refugee Refugees1161 Words   |  5 Pagesall over the world. I have had many experience working with refugee immigrants in World Relief in Wheaton, IL. I worked with people from Africa, middle eastern countries, Burma, and India. I helped these immigrants move into housing. I provided extra assistance to adults with special needs, such as non-English-speaking students or those with physical and mental disabilities. Since I had to flee my home and settle in America without speaking one word of English, I always tell refugees my story, whichRead MoreCell Phone While Driving949 Words   |  4 Pagesphones use while driving leads to accidents. Car crashes are very common daily. And people are killed or injured. One thing that leads to this is that feeling that a single text can’t impact on lives. The data that has been collected from research intended to determine the negative impacts of cell phone usage while driving is a l ittle bit surprising to most people, but are shocked upon hearing of stories that tell of people whose lives were changed permanently just because of mobile phones. The momentRead MoreChild Development And Its Effect On Children s Health And Development1473 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause many life aspects depend on money, for example, how much money the parents make decides whether the child would participate in preschool or not, and it also decides the quality of the preschool. Furthermore, money influence the kind of food people eat, and how nutrition it is. These decisions have an impact on the child development and the child’s future. Therefore, it is really important to discuss poverty and analyze its effect on children’s health and development. According to Pollitte

Alzheimer s And Dementi A Psychological Disorder

Alzheimer’s and Dementia are becoming more prevalent in America, caretakers and medical professionals are urging people to become more self-aware of these diseases. Dementia is a disease that can develop into other disorders such as Vascular Dementia or Parkinsons Disease; however, in most cases, it usually ends up as Alzhiemers. It s a typically seen in older people; about, sixty five and older, so of course one would automatically put themselves, and their family out of the picture, that is until one of you gets it. In most cases one primarily thinks of Alzheimer’s and Dementia as diseases that they, as well as anyone close to them would necessarily not get anytime soon, or maybe even ever. Due to increased medical costs, and scarce specialized facilities; seniors with Alzheimer’s and Dementia are not quite the recieving proper, sustainable long-term care. Alzheimer’s disease is a psychological disorder that primarily affects the temporal lobe of the bra in which focuses on memory, but also the frontal and parietal lobes which focus on behavior, intelligence, and language. The instant an individual has Alzheimer’s or Dementia there is a constant cycle of decay on the brain from the beginning to the end of the disorder (basically until death). This disorder eats away at the patients brain slowly and painfully until death which is why the American Pyshcological Association says that â€Å"The time between diagnosis and death typically ranges from seven to 10 years.† (APA 2016)

Human Stem Cells

Question: Describe the background and basic of human stem cells. Answer: Stem cells are the pluripotent cells that are present in all the living organisms. These cells have the capacity to differentiate in to any kinds of cells like the blood cells, nerve cells, cardiac muscles and pancreatic islet cells. The main use of human stem cells is to treat catastrophic diseases like the Alzheimers, Parkinsons, birth defects, spinal cord issues, stroke, cancer, Type I diabetes, and the damaged organ. Stem cells are obtained basically from three main sites. First is from the embryonic cell that arises from a 3 to 5 day old blastocyst. These require in-vitro fertilization. Second is from the umbilical cord which can be frozen and used later. The third is from the induced pluripotent stem cells. Adult bone marrow can be artificially induced and back programmed to stem cells (Chan et al., 2009). Human stem cell cultivation and origin is addressed to many ethical issues. The first issue is in the source and the process of producing stem cells as they come from embryo. Some belief a human life that is embryo is to be sacrificed for producing a stem cell line (Hansen, 2012). The people who believe life starts after conception oppose the use of blastocyst and aborted fetus in researches. The other controversy is the use of stem cell to create siblings who serve as donors. Umbilical cord preservation and bone marrow implantation is subject to ethical issue. People believe it is irreligious to create embryos and then discard them so as to help the ill sibling. The strengths of Human stem cell is that it has immense medical benefits. The chronic illness can be cured by therapeutic cloning. The sufferers of the chronic illness would be able to live a healthy life. The second point it will cure the diseases that have not yet happened. It would treat the birth defects and improve the quality and survival of new born. The third is it will reverse the aging process the organs may undergo re-generative process and will work perfectly like the new ones. Thus, helping people to live healthy life (Hough et al., 2009). The fourth is it will give a advanced knowledge of human growth. It will help medical science to cure de-generative diseases by getting a better incite of body growth. The weaknesses are that it has high risk and uncertainties (Levens DeCherney, 2008). Nobody knows that after implantation is there 100% chance the sufferer will lead a healthy life. The second disadvantage is playing with god and nature is highly unethical. Human clonin g is a way of going against God as God has only the power to give birth to a new life. All this can have negative effects on the society. It may harm the society and would completely take up the belief of people relating to culture and religion. Religion is the thing that keeps a group of people together. In case, the bond between people is broken than the world will become a selfish place and which will surely harm the present as well as the future generations. The view that stem cell line will cure the medical illness is very effective and efficient in todays era. I am strongly in favor of the development of human stem cell line as today so many people suffer from chronic illness like Cancer, Alzheimers, and Parkinsons helping these people to get a better and healthy life is no way less than doing good deeds. God also advice mankind to do good deeds so saving the life of so many sufferers would surely make God happy. Stem cell line research if carried out in a proper and ethical way would not harm any religion or culture. Umbilical cord is just a thing that has to be thrown after delivery but if it can cure the lives of the family members than why to threw it. It can be easily preserved and help to cure people; and in no way it would be unethical (Streiffer, 2008). The other creating a blastocyst by in-vitro fertilization is fine if it is saving another alive kids life. Blastocyst is just a cell not a human or a baby, life starts after the baby comes in to the world. Thus, creating a cell by in-vitro fertilization wont harm even the mother or father or the sibling instead it would help the grown up sibling to live a happy and healthy life in future. So, it can be seen human stem cell is an effective and efficient technology that would improve the life condition of so many people who suffer from chronic illness and thus is a boon to the society. References Chan, E.M. et al., 2009. Live cell imaging distinguishes bona fide human iPS cells from partially reprogrammed cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 27, 10331037 Hansen, J.E. (2012) Embryonic stem cell production through therapeutic cloning has fewer ethical problems than stem cell harvest from surplus IVF embryos.J. Med. Ethics,28,8688. Hough, S.R., Laslett, A.L., Grimmond, S.B., Kolle, G., Pera, M.F., 2009. A continuum of cell states spans pluripotency and lineage commitment in human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 4, e7708 Levens, E.D. DeCherney, A.H.(2008). Human oocyte research: the ethics of donation and donor protection. JAMA 300:21742176 Streiffer, R. (2008). Informed consent and federal funding for stem cell research. Hastings Cent Rep 38:4047

The Difference in Methods Used by the French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans in the New World

The Catholic and Protestant churches made many efforts in order to spread their beliefs in the New World and to convert the Native Americans. The most successful were the French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Difference in Methods Used by the French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans in the New World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Spanish converted thousands of Indians in South and Central America: Mexico, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador, while the French settled in New France that included modern Canadian and US territory: Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Main, New York, Louisiana and Illinois. Historically, both orders had the same religious pursuits; however the methods used by them were different. The Franciscans converted more people than Jesuits due to the use of their methods of mass compulsion with the help of power and weapons. Aft er Columbus discovery, Queen Isabella and Pope Alexander VI claimed the importance of converting the Native Americans to Christianity. Franciscans arrived to the New Spain in 1524 and got the success, spreading their religion. However, although they converted many thousands of people, it is important to notice that the faith of the population of New World was weak and, moreover, they created a new religion combining the local beliefs with elements of Christianity (Hannon, 2010). Sanctioned by Queen and Pope, the Spanish Franciscans used all possible methods, including the use of power, weapons, and executions. According to the article Native American Voices, in Mexico, the Central and South America, the Spanish Franciscans used Native Americans as a free labor material (â€Å"Native American Voices†). Obviously, such measures led to the fear and submission of Indians. The French Jesuits, known as the Soldiers of Christ, arrived to the New World one century after Spanish, in 1 625. They used methods of persuasion and negotiation instead of force. Thereby, although a number of converted by Jesuits Indians was not huge, but their faith was real and deep. Indians were astonished by the ability of the French to read and write and step by step adopted the new culture. At the same time, the Spanish tortured Indians and destroyed their cultural objects, persecuting those people who did not want to adopt the new traditions. The French tried to find the similarities between the Christian and Indian traditions, for instance, the wear of black robes during the ceremony.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For both orders, education of the Native Americans was an important issue that could help spreading Christianity. Jesuits and Franciscans taught Indians sciences, culture and ethic. However, the Native Americans, and especially the population of the Central and South America, had a long history and original and unique culture and traditions. Therefore, the way of combination of the European and Indian traditions chosen by the French Jesuits was much more appropriate and adequate. The outcome of the work of French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans was different. The Spanish wanted to convert as more as possible Indians in spite of the real quality of their faith. For the Native Americans, Christianity had not been viewed as an inviting religion due to the force and tortures. The French missionaries did not use power and weapons, trying to convince Indians. For Jesuits, the main idea of Christianity as the peaceful religion was major power and argument into the process of converting. Jesuits used all possible methods in order to integrate Christianity, not to separate it and replace the traditional beliefs. Therefore, their work was more effective. Works Cited Hannon, Sharon M. â€Å"Birth of a New World Religion.† When Words Collid e: The Untold Story of the Americas after Columbus. 2010. Web. http://www.pbs.org/program/when-worlds-collide/ Native American Voices n.d. Web. This essay on The Difference in Methods Used by the French Jesuits and the Spanish Franciscans in the New World was written and submitted by user Rylie Barlow to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Wright Brothers and the First Flight of an Airplane

The Wright Brothers and the First Flight of an Airplane In 1899, after Wilbur Wright had written a letter of request to the Smithsonian Institution for information about flight experiments, the Wright Brothers designed their first aircraft. It was a small, biplane glider flown as a kite to test their solution for controlling the craft by wing warping. Wing warping is a method of arching the wingtips slightly to control the aircrafts rolling motion and balance. Lessons From Birdwatching The Wright Brothers spent a great deal of time observing birds in flight. They noticed that birds soared into the wind and that the air flowing over the curved surface of their wings created lift. Birds change the shape of their wings to turn and maneuver. They believed that they could use this technique to obtain roll control by warping or changing the shape, of a portion of the wing. The Gliders Experiments Over the next three years, Wilbur and his brother Orville would design a series of gliders that would be flown in both unmanned (as kites) and piloted flights. They read about the works of Cayley  and Langley and the hang-gliding flights of Otto Lilienthal. They corresponded with Octave Chanute concerning some of their ideas. They recognized that control of the flying aircraft would be the most crucial and hardest problem to solve. So following a successful glider test, the Wrights built and tested a full-size glider. They selected Kitty Hawk, North Carolina as their test site because of its wind, sand, hilly terrain and remote location. In the year 1900, the Wright brothers successfully tested their new 50-pound biplane glider with its 17-foot wingspan and wing-warping mechanism at Kitty Hawk in both unmanned and piloted flights. In fact, it was the first piloted glider. Based on the results, the Wright Brothers planned to refine the controls and landing gear, and build a bigger glider. In 1901, at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, the Wright Brothers flew the largest glider ever flown. It had  a 22-foot wingspan, a weight of nearly 100 pounds and skids for landing. However, many problems occurred. The wings did not have enough lifting power, the forward elevator was not effective in controlling the pitch and the wing-warping mechanism occasionally caused the airplane to spin out of control. In their disappointment, they predicted that man will probably not fly in their lifetime. In spite of the problems with their last attempts at flight, the Wright brothers  reviewed their test results and determined that the calculations they had used were not reliable. They decided to build a wind tunnel to test a variety of wing shapes and their effect on lift. Based upon these tests, the inventors had a greater understanding of how an airfoil (wing) works and could calculate with greater accuracy how well a particular wing design would fly. They planned to design a new glider with a 32-foot wingspan and a tail to help stabilize it. The Flyer In 1902, the Wright brothers flew numerous test glides using their new glider. Their studies showed that a movable tail would help balance the craft and so they connected a movable tail to the wing-warping wires to coordinate turns. With successful glides to verify their wind tunnel tests, the inventors planned to build a powered aircraft. After months of studying how propellers work, the Wright Brothers designed a motor and a new aircraft sturdy enough to accommodate the motors weight and vibrations. The craft weighed 700 pounds and came to be known as the Flyer. The  First Manned Flight The Wright brothers built a movable track to help launch the Flyer. This downhill track would help the aircraft gain enough airspeed to fly. After two attempts to fly this machine, one of which resulted in a minor crash, Orville Wright took the Flyer for a 12-second, sustained flight on December 17, 1903. This was the first successful powered and piloted flight in history. In 1904, the first flight lasting more than five minutes took place on November 9th. The Flyer II was flown by Wilbur Wright. In 1908, passenger flight took a turn for the worse when the first fatal air crash occurred on September 17. Orville Wright was piloting the plane. Orville Wright survived the crash, but his passenger, Signal Corps Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, did not. The Wright Brothers had been allowing passengers to fly with them since May 14, 1908. In 1909, the U.S. Government bought its first airplane, a Wright Brothers biplane, on July 30. The airplane sold for $25,000 plus a bonus of $5,000 because it exceeded 40 mph. Wright Brothers - Vin Fiz First Armed Airplane On July 18, 1914, an Aviation Section of the Signal Corps (part of the Army) was established. Its flying unit contained airplanes made by the Wright Brothers as well as some made by their chief competitor, Glenn Curtiss. Patent Suit Although Glenn Curtisss invention, ailerons (French for little wing), was far different from the Wrights wing-warping mechanism, the Court determined that use of lateral controls by others was unauthorized by patent law.

Urinary incontinence Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Urinary incontinence - Article Example The people involved in the study were observed and given questionnaires to fill. The data collected was then analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Z-tests were conducted for every demographic factor and the results are then discussed comprehensively citing various studies that have been conducted before. Analysis shows that age and BMI increase chances of urinary infection and consequently urinary incontinence. Women of lower educational levels record more cases of urinary incontinence due to lack of general information about the condition. Women with higher parity levels also record more cases of urinary infections and subsequently urinary incontinence. This observational study aimed at describing the determinants and factors more likely to be responsible for urinary incontinence. Women who had urinary incontinence and women without urinary incontinence were compared with regards to their demographic features and risk of development of urinary problems. The group1 women were asked two more questions whether or not they had sought medical help and how long the problem had existed. Urinary Incontinence is a disorder that can be basically explained as inability to control or loss of bladder control. According to Danford et al, there exists risk factors that cause increased chances of urinary incontinence, especially among women of child bearing age (Danford, 2006). These risk factors can either cause short term or temporary urinary incontinence or they can cause long term or permanent urinary incontinence. This article is about some of these risk factors that may lead to urinary incontinence. The risk factors covered in this article are age, education levels, parity and BMI. According to Rogers, age is a significant risk factor especially for women who have given birth through vaginal method. Stress incontinence is more common in these women as it may result in destroyed pelvic muscles (Rogers, 2008). Body weight is also a